[PHP 手冊] – 運算符(位運算符)
[PHP 手冊] – 運算符(位運算符)
資料來源: http://www.ithome.com/html/soft/72723.htm
code2html：http://tohtml.com/
位運算符允許對整型數中指定的位進行求值和操作。
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位運算符 |
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例子 |
名稱 |
結果 |
|
$a & $b |
And（按位與） |
將把 $a 和 $b 中都為 1 的位設為 1。 |
|
$a | $b |
Or（按位或） |
將把 $a 和 $b 中任何一個為 1 的位設為 1。 |
|
$a ^ $b |
Xor（按位異或） |
將把 $a 和 $b 中一個為 1 另一個為 0 的位設為 1。 |
|
~ $a |
Not（按位取反） |
將 $a 中為 0 的位設為 1，反之亦然。 |
|
$a << $b |
Shift left（左移） |
將 $a 中的位向左移動 $b 次（每一次移動都表示”乘以 2″）。 |
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$a >> $b |
Shift right（右移） |
將 $a 中的位向右移動 $b 次（每一次移動都表示”除以 2″）。 |
位移在 PHP 中是數學運算。向任何方向移出去的位都被丟棄。左移時右側以零填充，符號位元被移走意味著正負號不被保留。右移時左側以符號位元填充，意味著正負號被保留。
要用括弧確保想要的優先順序。例如 $a & $b == true 先進行比較再進行按位與；而 ($a & $b) == true 則先進行按位與再進行比較。
要注意資料類型的轉換。如果左右參數都是字串，則位元運算符將對字元的 ASCII 值進行操作。
PHP 的 ini 設定 error_reporting 使用了按位的值，
提供了關閉某個位的真實例子。要顯示除了提示級別
之外的所有錯誤，php.ini 中是這樣用的：
E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE
具體運作方式是先取得 E_ALL 的值：
00000000000000000111011111111111
再取得 E_NOTICE 的值：
00000000000000000000000000001000
然後通過 ~ 將其取反：
11111111111111111111111111110111
最後再用按位與 AND（&）得到兩個值中都設定了（為 1）的位：
00000000000000000111011111110111
另外一個方法是用按位異或 XOR（^）來取得只在
其中一個值中設定了的位：
E_ALL ^ E_NOTICE
error_reporting 也可用來演示怎樣置位元元。只顯示錯誤和可恢復
錯誤的方法是：
E_ERROR | E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR
也就是將 E_ERROR
00000000000000000000000000000001
和 E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR
00000000000000000001000000000000
用按位或 OR（|）運算符來取得在任何一個值中被置位的結果：
00000000000000000001000000000001
Example #1 整數的 AND，OR 和 XOR 位運算符
<?php
/*
* Ignore the top section,
* it is just formatting to make output clearer.
*/
$format = ‘(%1$2d = %1$04b) = (%2$2d = %2$04b)’
. ‘ %3$s (%4$2d = %4$04b)’ . “\n”;
echo <<<EOH
——— ——— — ———
result value op test
——— ——— — ———
EOH;
/*
* Here are the examples.
*/
$values = array(0, 1, 2, 4, 8);
$test = 1 + 4;
echo “\n Bitwise AND \n”;
foreach ($values as $value) {
$result = $value & $test;
printf($format, $result, $value, ‘&’, $test);
}
echo “\n Bitwise Inclusive OR \n”;
foreach ($values as $value) {
$result = $value | $test;
printf($format, $result, $value, ‘|’, $test);
}
echo “\n Bitwise Exclusive OR (XOR) \n”;
foreach ($values as $value) {
$result = $value ^ $test;
printf($format, $result, $value, ‘^’, $test);
}
?>
以上常式會輸出：
——— ——— — ———
result value op test
——— ——— — ———
Bitwise AND
( 0 = 0000) = ( 0 = 0000) & ( 5 = 0101)
( 1 = 0001) = ( 1 = 0001) & ( 5 = 0101)
( 0 = 0000) = ( 2 = 0010) & ( 5 = 0101)
( 4 = 0100) = ( 4 = 0100) & ( 5 = 0101)
( 0 = 0000) = ( 8 = 1000) & ( 5 = 0101)
Bitwise Inclusive OR
( 5 = 0101) = ( 0 = 0000) | ( 5 = 0101)
( 5 = 0101) = ( 1 = 0001) | ( 5 = 0101)
( 7 = 0111) = ( 2 = 0010) | ( 5 = 0101)
( 5 = 0101) = ( 4 = 0100) | ( 5 = 0101)
(13 = 1101) = ( 8 = 1000) | ( 5 = 0101)
Bitwise Exclusive OR (XOR)
( 5 = 0101) = ( 0 = 0000) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
( 4 = 0100) = ( 1 = 0001) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
( 7 = 0111) = ( 2 = 0010) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
( 1 = 0001) = ( 4 = 0100) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
(13 = 1101) = ( 8 = 1000) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
Example #2 字串的 XOR 運算符
<?php
echo 12 ^ 9; // Outputs ‘5’
echo “12” ^ “9”; // Outputs the Backspace character (ascii 8)
// (‘1’ (ascii 49)) ^ (‘9’ (ascii 57)) = #8
echo “hallo” ^ “hello”; // Outputs the ascii values #0 #4 #0 #0 #0
// ‘a’ ^ ‘e’ = #4
echo 2 ^ “3”; // Outputs 1
// 2 ^ ((int)”3″) == 1
echo “2” ^ 3; // Outputs 1
// ((int)”2″) ^ 3 == 1
?>
Example #3 整數的位移
<?php
/*
* Here are the examples.
*/
echo “\n— BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS —\n”;
$val = 4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, ‘>>’, $places, ‘copy of sign bit shifted into left side’);
$val = 4;
$places = 2;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, ‘>>’, $places);
$val = 4;
$places = 3;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, ‘>>’, $places, ‘bits shift out right side’);
$val = 4;
$places = 4;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, ‘>>’, $places, ‘same result as above; can not shift beyond 0’);
echo “\n— BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS —\n”;
$val = –4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, ‘>>’, $places, ‘copy
of sign bit shifted into left side’);
$val = –4;
$places = 2;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, ‘>>’, $places, ‘bits shift out right side’);
$val = –4;
$places = 3;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, ‘>>’, $places, ‘same result as above; can not shift beyond -1’);
echo “\n— BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS —\n”;
$val = 4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, ‘<<‘, $places, ‘zeros fill in right side’);
$val = 4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) – 4;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, ‘<<‘, $places);
$val = 4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) – 3;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, ‘<<‘, $places, ‘sign bits get shifted out’);
$val = 4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) – 2;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, ‘<<‘, $places, ‘bits shift out left side’);
echo “\n— BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS —\n”;
$val = –4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, ‘<<‘, $places, ‘zeros fill in right side’);
$val = –4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) – 3;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, ‘<<‘, $places);
$val = –4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) – 2;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, ‘<<‘, $places, ‘bits shift out left side, including sign bit’);
/*
* Ignore this bottom section,
* it is just formatting to make output clearer.
*/
function p($res, $val, $op, $places, $note = ”) {
$format = ‘%0’ . (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) . “b\n”;
printf(“Expression: %d = %d %s %d\n”, $res, $val, $op, $places);
echo ” Decimal:\n”;
printf(” val=%d\n”, $val);
printf(” res=%d\n”, $res);
echo ” Binary:\n”;
printf(‘ val=’ . $format, $val);
printf(‘ res=’ . $format, $res);
if ($note) {
echo ” NOTE: $note\n”;
}
echo “\n”;
}
?>
以上常式在 32 位元機器上的輸出:
— BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS —
Expression: 2 = 4 >> 1
Decimal:
val=4
res=2
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=00000000000000000000000000000010
NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side
Expression: 1 = 4 >> 2
Decimal:
val=4
res=1
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=00000000000000000000000000000001
Expression: 0 = 4 >> 3
Decimal:
val=4
res=0
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=00000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: bits shift out right side
Expression: 0 = 4 >> 4
Decimal:
val=4
res=0
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=00000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond 0
— BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS —
Expression: -2 = -4 >> 1
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-2
Binary:
val=11111111111111111111111111111100
res=11111111111111111111111111111110
NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side
Expression: -1 = -4 >> 2
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-1
Binary:
val=11111111111111111111111111111100
res=11111111111111111111111111111111
NOTE: bits shift out right side
Expression: -1 = -4 >> 3
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-1
Binary:
val=11111111111111111111111111111100
res=11111111111111111111111111111111
NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond -1
— BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS —
Expression: 8 = 4 << 1
Decimal:
val=4
res=8
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=00000000000000000000000000001000
NOTE: zeros fill in right side
Expression: 1073741824 = 4 << 28
Decimal:
val=4
res=1073741824
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=01000000000000000000000000000000
Expression: -2147483648 = 4 << 29
Decimal:
val=4
res=-2147483648
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=10000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: sign bits get shifted out
Expression: 0 = 4 << 30
Decimal:
val=4
res=0
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=00000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: bits shift out left side
— BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS —
Expression: -8 = -4 << 1
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-8
Binary:
val=11111111111111111111111111111100
res=11111111111111111111111111111000
NOTE: zeros fill in right side
Expression: -2147483648 = -4 << 29
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-2147483648
Binary:
val=11111111111111111111111111111100
res=10000000000000000000000000000000
Expression: 0 = -4 << 30
Decimal:
val=-4
res=0
Binary:
val=11111111111111111111111111111100
res=00000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: bits shift out left side, including sign bit
以上常式在 64 位元機器上的輸出:
— BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS —
Expression: 2 = 4 >> 1
Decimal:
val=4
res=2
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010
NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side
Expression: 1 = 4 >> 2
Decimal:
val=4
res=1
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
Expression: 0 = 4 >> 3
Decimal:
val=4
res=0
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: bits shift out right side
Expression: 0 = 4 >> 4
Decimal:
val=4
res=0
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond 0
— BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS —
Expression: -2 = -4 >> 1
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-2
Binary:
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side
Expression: -1 = -4 >> 2
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-1
Binary:
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
NOTE: bits shift out right side
Expression: -1 = -4 >> 3
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-1
Binary:
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond -1
— BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS —
Expression: 8 = 4 << 1
Decimal:
val=4
res=8
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000
NOTE: zeros fill in right side
Expression: 4611686018427387904 = 4 << 60
Decimal:
val=4
res=4611686018427387904
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Expression: -9223372036854775808 = 4 << 61
Decimal:
val=4
res=-9223372036854775808
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: sign bits get shifted out
Expression: 0 = 4 << 62
Decimal:
val=4
res=0
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: bits shift out left side
— BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS —
Expression: -8 = -4 << 1
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-8
Binary:
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111000
NOTE: zeros fill in right side
Expression: -9223372036854775808 = -4 << 61
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-9223372036854775808
Binary:
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
res=1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Expression: 0 = -4 << 62
Decimal:
val=-4
res=0
Binary:
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: bits shift out left side, including sign bit