引发异常

你可以使用raise语句 引发 异常。你还得指明错误/异常的名称和伴随异常 触发的 异常对象。你可以引发的错误或异常应该分别是一个ErrorException类的直接或间接导出类。

#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: raising.py

class ShortInputException(Exception):
    '''A user-defined exception class.'''
    def __init__(self, length, atleast):
        Exception.__init__(self)
        self.length = length
        self.atleast = atleast

try:
    s = raw_input('Enter something --> ')
    if len(s) < 3:
        raise ShortInputException(len(s), 3)
    # Other work can continue as usual here
except EOFError:
    print '\nWhy did you do an EOF on me?'
except ShortInputException, x:
    print 'ShortInputException: The input was of length %d, \
          was expecting at least %d' % (x.length, x.atleast)
else:
    print 'No exception was raised.'

源文件(code/raising.py

输出

$ python raising.py
Enter something -->
Why did you do an EOF on me?

$ python raising.py
Enter something --> ab
ShortInputException: The input was of length 2, was expecting at least 3

$ python raising.py
Enter something --> abc
No exception was raised.

它如何工作

这里,我们创建了我们自己的异常类型,其实我们可以使用任何预定义的异常/错误。这个新的异常类型是ShortInputException类。它有两个域——length是给定输入的长度,atleast则是程序期望的最小长度。

except从句中,我们提供了错误类和用来表示错误/异常对象的变量。这与函数调用中的形参和实参概念类似。在这个特别的except从句中,我们使用异常对象的lengthatleast域来为用户打印一个恰当的消息。